Error Analysis: Activity 4
AnnaLi’s use of “了(LE)”
“了(LE)” is used in multiple ways in Chinese. One way is to use “了(LE)” as the completion aspect indicator (also called a perfective marker) (Yip & Rimmington, 2004), to indicate that something has already taken place. “了(LE)” usually immediately follows the verb. For example, 警察来了 (The policemen came). In this task, we will analyze how AnnaLi uses “了(LE)” as a completion aspect indicator.
Below we have highlighted all the “了(LE)” used by AnnaLi from the Interview and Retell Tasks.
- Mark where AnnaLi uses “了(LE)” incorrectly (I) or correctly (C). Ignore other types of errors if there are any.
- What was the intended meaning of “了(LE)” in each erroneous instance? Is there a semantic pattern?
- Given her pattern of using “了(LE)”, what would you use to teach “了(LE)” to her?
AnnaLi Interview:
Line No. | Transcripts | I / C | Intended meaning | |
11 |
I |
十五岁。嗯,当时上日文课的时候是什么样子,你能说一说吗? |
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|
12 |
A |
嗯,我没学太好了。 |
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13 |
I |
嗯 |
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14 |
A |
我的日文不太好,所以有的时候我不知道老师说什么,嗯 |
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15 |
I |
你学了多久? |
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16 |
A |
我学了一年的 |
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17 |
I |
嗯 |
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18 |
A |
可是以后我自己学了,在家里学了,日文 |
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19 |
I |
嗯,那你们上日文的时候,是说的时候多,还是看的时候多= |
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20 |
A |
我现在不上日文课。 |
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21 |
I |
那个时候呢? |
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22 |
A |
哦,那个时候 |
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23 |
I |
嗯 |
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24 |
A |
嗯(…)我不太说了很多,我不说了多。 |
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25 |
I |
你说的日文不多。 |
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AnnaLi Retell
Line No. | Transcripts | I / C | Intended meaning | |
1 |
A |
有一天,嗯(…)妈妈发现了有一个人吃她的蛋糕,她问她的女儿(…) |
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2 |
|
嗯,是女儿做的,女儿吃她的蛋糕吗?女儿说是猫吃的,(…)她不吃 |
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3 |
|
了,可是她的脸上有蛋糕的东西,(…)所以可能是女儿吃的。 |
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4 |
I |
嗯(…)可以,你可以自己 |
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5 |
A |
好,她的妈妈知道是女儿吃的,所以她告诉女儿,她应该待在,嗯,家 |
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6 |
|
里,(…)她不会去她(…)嗯,她的朋友家,不会去玩儿,嗯,然后她妈 |
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7 |
|
妈去买别的蛋糕(…)嗯,然后猫也出去,猫,嗯,去别的地方,去隔壁 |
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8 |
|
的家,用窗户(laugh)。好。(…)那个女孩子很生气,她想跟她的朋友玩 |
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9 |
|
儿,可是她没有办法去她们的家,(…)然后她看到她的猫,她的猫去 |
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10 |
|
(…)女儿的朋友的家,所以她也要用猫的办,办法,去隔壁的家。嗯 |
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11 |
|
(…)也有一个女,女人,在一个楼上,下,在下楼(laugh),嗯,给花 |
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12 |
|
水,(…)所以女孩子出窗户,(laugh)嗯,然后因为她们住在十素,四 |
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13 |
|
楼,嗯,让那个女孩很怕,她,嗯(…)对,(laugh)下楼的人告诉女儿别 |
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14 |
|
动,因为很不安全,她的朋友也很紧张。嗯,一个男人给警察打电话, |
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15 |
|
希望警察来帮那个女孩。(…)警察来了,嗯(…)一个警察抱别的警察, |
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16 |
|
嗯,因为,嗯,很不安全,嗯,然后别的警察,嗯,试试(…)嗯,帮女 |
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17 |
|
人,那个女孩子,可是女孩子不告诉他们,嗯, 不,不认识他们,所以 |
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18 |
|
很紧张,很不好意思,不愿意跟他们去。(…)后来,她的妈妈回来了。 |
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19 |
|
发生了什么,发生了(…)嗯(…)女人,女孩子在哭了,可是没有问题, |
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20 |
|
都好了(laugh) |
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21 |
I |
好的,讲完了吗? |
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22 |
A |
讲完了。 |
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|
Please type your answers to the questions in the box below.
When you have finished typing your answer, click to compare your response with the Learner Language staff response.
1)& 2)
Line No. | Transcripts | I / C | Intended meaning | |
11 |
I |
十五岁。嗯,当时上日文课的时候是什么样子,你能说一说吗? |
|
|
12 |
A |
嗯,我没学太好了。 |
I |
我没学太好 |
13 |
I |
嗯 |
|
|
14 |
A |
我的日文不太好,所以有的时候我不知道老师说什么,嗯 |
|
|
15 |
I |
你学了多久? |
|
|
16 |
A |
我学了一年的 |
C |
|
17 |
I |
嗯 |
|
|
18 |
A |
可是以后我自己学了,在家里学了,日文 |
C |
|
19 |
I |
嗯,那你们上日文的时候,是说的时候多,还是看的时候多= |
|
|
20 |
A |
我现在不上日文课。 |
|
|
21 |
I |
那个时候呢? |
|
|
22 |
A |
哦,那个时候 |
|
|
23 |
I |
嗯 |
|
|
24 |
A |
嗯(…)我不太说了很多,我不说了多。 |
I |
我说得不是很多 |
25 |
I |
你说的日文不多。 |
|
|
Line No. | Transcripts | I /C | Intended meaning | |
1 |
A |
有一天,嗯(…)妈妈发现了有一个人吃她的蛋糕,她问她的女儿(…) |
I |
|
2 |
|
嗯,是女儿做的,女儿吃她的蛋糕吗?女儿说是猫吃的,(…)她不吃 |
|
|
3 |
|
了,可是她的脸上有蛋糕的东西,(…)所以可能是女儿吃的。 |
I |
她没吃 |
4 |
I |
嗯(…)可以,你可以自己 |
|
|
5 |
A |
好,她的妈妈知道是女儿吃的,所以她告诉女儿,她应该待在,嗯,家 |
|
|
6 |
|
里,(…)她不会去她(…)嗯,她的朋友家,不会去玩儿,嗯,然后她妈 |
|
|
7 |
|
妈去买别的蛋糕(…)嗯,然后猫也出去,猫,嗯,去别的地方,去隔壁 |
|
|
8 |
|
的家,用窗户(laugh)。好。(…)那个女孩子很生气,她想跟她的朋友玩 |
|
|
9 |
|
儿,可是她没有办法去她们的家,(…)然后她看到她的猫,她的猫去 |
|
|
10 |
|
(…)女儿的朋友的家,所以她也要用猫的办,办法,去隔壁的家。嗯 |
|
|
11 |
|
(…)也有一个女,女人,在一个楼上,下,在下楼(laugh),嗯,给花 |
|
|
12 |
|
水,(…)所以女孩子出窗户,(laugh)嗯,然后因为她们住在十素,四 |
|
|
13 |
|
楼,嗯,让那个女孩很怕,她,嗯(…)对,(laugh)下楼的人告诉女儿别 |
|
|
14 |
|
动,因为很不安全,她的朋友也很紧张。嗯,一个男人给警察打电话, |
|
|
15 |
|
希望警察来帮那个女孩。(…)警察来了,嗯(…)一个警察抱别的警察, |
C |
|
16 |
|
嗯,因为,嗯,很不安全,嗯,然后别的警察,嗯,试试(…)嗯,帮女 |
|
|
17 |
|
人,那个女孩子,可是女孩子不告诉他们,嗯, 不,不认识他们,所以 |
|
|
18 |
|
很紧张,很不好意思,不愿意跟他们去。(…)后来,她的妈妈回来了。 |
C |
|
19 |
|
发生了什么,发生了(…)嗯(…)女人,女孩子在哭了,可是没有问题, |
C; C; I |
女孩子在哭 |
20 |
|
都好了(laugh) |
|
|
21 |
I |
好的,讲完了吗? |
|
|
22 |
A |
讲完了。 |
|
|
AnnaLi frequently uses “了(LE)” incorrectly when there is past tense negation in the sentence where it’s used, as seen in Line 12 and 24 in the Interview, and Line 3 in the Retell. Other than that, AnnaLi correctly uses “了(LE)” in sentences without negation, as seen in Line 16 and 18 in the Interview, Line 1, 15 and 18 in the Retell. It is possible that there is an underlying incorrect form-meaning mapping, so that AnnaLi tends to map “了(LE)” onto the meaning of “past”. However, our error analysis in this activity only includes the occurrence of “了(LE)” and excludes cases where “了(LE)” should have occurred but didn’t. Inclusion of both occurrence and lack of it may give us a fuller picture of AnnaLi’s use of “了(LE)” as an interlanguage rule. We will address this issue more in the [Interlanguage section].
One error occurs when she uses “了(LE)” in a continuous situation in the Retell. This occurs only once across all 6 tasks; in all other cases, AnnaLi seems to use the continuous aspect marker “在(ZAI)” correctly.
3) In light of AnnaLi’s tendency to use “了(LE)” correctly in positive sentences and incorrectly in sentences with past tense negation, the teacher can point this out to her and give explicit instruction on the use of “了(LE)” in past tense negation. Noticing her own different uses of “了(LE)” may help AnnaLi reduce errors substantially.